Trải qua nhiều thế kỷ vùng sa mạc Tây nam phát triển dưới sự cai trị của người Tây ban nha, và phần lớn dân ở đây nói tiếng Tây ban nha trong khi các bộ lạc người bản xứ da đỏ sống trong miền đất tổ tiên họ để lại. Mưa khi có khi không, và nông nghiệp ở vùng này không đảm bảo. Ngày nay các kế hoạch dẫn thủy nhập điền đồ sộ đã giúp tăng cường sản xuất nông nghiệp, và máy điều hoà không khí cũng đã thu hút ngày càng nhiều người đổ xô đến các thành phố bành trướng phát triển ồ ạt như thành phố Salt Lake tại Utah hay Phoenix ở Arizona.
Không có gì đáng ngạc nhiên khi có nhiều nhà văn viết về đề tài môi trường ở vùng đất sa mạc mong manh này. Nhà hoạt động xã hội Edward Abbey (1927-1989) ca ngợi miền hoang dã sa mạc tiểu bang Utah trong tác phẩm Sa Mạc Đơn Độc: Trọn Một Mùa Nơi Hoang Dã (1968).
Vốn theo học ngành sinh vật, Barbara Kingsolver (1955-) cho chúng ta cái nhìn của một phụ nữ về miền Tây nam qua bộ tiểu thuyết ba tập lấy bối cảnh Arizona của bà: Cây Đậu *(1988), với nhân vật Taylor Greer, một cô gái tính tình như con trai nhận một đứa trẻ Cherokee làm con; Giấc Mơ Của Loài Thú (1990); và Những Con Heo Trên Trời (1993). Tác phẩm Quyển Kinh Thánh Gỗ Độc (1998) nói về một gia đình truyền giáo tại Phi châu. Kingsolver bàn về những chủ đề chính trị một cách không nương tay và nhìn nhận rằng “Tôi muốn thay đổi thế giới.”
Vùng Tây nam là quê hương của đông đảo nhà văn bản xứ da đỏ, với các tác phẩm cho ta thấy một nghệ thuật kể chuyện huyền thoại phong phú, xem thiên nhiên như nguồn tâm linh và quý trọng sâu sắc khẩu ngữ dân gian. Chủ đề quan trọng nhất cho tiểu thuyết là chữa lành, được hiểu như là việc phục hồi lại sự hoà hợp. Những chủ đề khác gồm nạn nghèo nàn, thất nghiệp, nghiện rượu, và các tội ác do người da trắng bách hại người da đỏ.
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*“Bean,” Turtle's first word, symbolizes the promise that, like a dried-up seed that grows, a mistreated woman may thrive if given enough care. The bean trees, another name for the wisteria vine that Turtle spots in Dog Doo Park, symbolize transformation, a spot of life in the midst of barrenness.
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/b/the-bean-trees/about-the-bean-trees
Two of the greatest influences in The Bean Trees are the Cherokee Trail of Tears, the geographical trek that the Cherokee Nation was forced to travel when it was moved to the Oklahoma territory from the southeastern United States, and the Sanctuary movement, designed to help Central Americans flee oppressive governmental regimes and relocate — usually secretly and illegally — in the United States. These two influences serve as the background to Kingsolver's The Bean Trees. The Cherokee Trail of Tears informs Taylor and Turtle's journey from Oklahoma to Arizona in the novel, and many of the novel's characters apparently are members of the Sanctuary movement.
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/b/the-bean-trees/book-summary
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Tuy nhiên, dòng văn học của người bản xứ da đỏ mang tính triết lý nhiều hơn là tức giận, hằn học, và nó báo trước một cái nhìn thiên về bảo tồn sinh thái. Những nhà văn chính gồm N. Scott Momaday, người mở màn cho nền tiểu thuyết đương đại của các nhà văn da đỏ với tác phẩm Ngôi Nhà Dựng Lên Từ Bình Minh; trong số các tác phẩm gần đây của ông phải kể Người Đàn Ông Chữ Nghĩa* (1997). Nhà văn Leslie Marmon Silko lai dòng máu da đỏ Laguna**, tác giả quyển Lễ Lạc, cũng từng xuất bản tác phẩm Những Khu Vườn Trong Cồn Cát ***(1999), kể về Indigo, một đứa trẻ mồ côi da đỏ được một phụ nữ da trắng chăm sóc vào đầu thế kỷ 20.
Nhiều
nhà văn người Mỹ gốc Mễ tây cơ sống tại miền Tây nam như đã từng
sống qua nhiều thế kỷ. Mối quan
tâm nổi cộm của họ gồm ngôn ngữ Tây ban nha, truyền thống Cơ đốc
giáo, những dạng chuyện kể dân gian,
và trong những năm gần đây sự bất bình đẳng về sắc tộc và
giới tính, xung đột giữa các thế hệ, và các hoạt động chính trị. Văn hóa da đỏ vẫn nặng tính gia trưởng,
nhưng tiếng nói mới của
những phụ nữ gốc Mễ đã bắt đầu xuất hiện.
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* With every publication since 1969, when he won the Pulitzer Prize for his first novel, House Made of Dawn, Momaday has proven that he is a preeminent voice in Native American literature. In this masterful new collection of essays and articles, it is clearer than ever that he is not simply a very good ""Indian"" writer, but a great American writer. He describes in the first part of this collection the differences between European written tradition and the oral tradition of Native Americans, this tradition being the basis for Native American literature. In an oral tradition words are held sacred: ""One who has only an oral tradition thinks of language in this way: my words exist at the level of my voice. If I do not speak with care, my words are wasted."" Momaday exemplifies this tradition by choosing every word here with great attention. His words are not ""multiplied and diluted to inflation,"" they are chosen for maximum effect. The three parts of this assemblage are wholly distinct. The first, titled ""The Man Made of Words"" is devoted to the idea of the sacredness of words, language and books. The second, ""Essays in Place,"" describes the nature of places he has visited from Russia, Bavaria and France, to the American plains and his boyhood home of New Mexico. The third, called ""The Storyteller and His Art,"" is an accumulation of short pieces on many diverse topics. His works are moving, thought-provoking and gorgeously written. His longest piece, ""The Morality of Indian Hating,"" is a concise and heartfelt, but never angry, treatment of well-meaning yet short-sighted government Indian policies and the emotional damage they continue to inflict. While ostensibly musing on Native American sacred places in the piece ""Sacred Places,"" he touches on a purely American debate about the need to preserve natural lands. In it he writes, ""It is good for us, too, to touch the earth. We, and our children, need the chance to walk the sacred earth, this final abiding place of all that lives."" Few authors write as gracefully or majestically as Momaday and these essays are more than worthy to occupy the pages of something he holds so sacred--a book. https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-312-15581-0
**Laguna: lake/pond/the lagoon near the site of the tribe's pueblo.
***Gardens in the Dunes: A sweeping, multifaceted tale of a young Native American pulled
between the cherished traditions of a heritage on the brink of
extinction and an encroaching white culture, Gardens in the Dunes is the
powerful story of one woman's quest to reconcile two worlds that are
diametrically opposed. At the center of this struggle is Indigo, who is
ripped from her tribe, the Sand Lizard people, by white soldiers who
destroy her home and family. Placed in a government school to learn the
ways of a white child, Indigo is rescued by the kind-hearted Hattie and
her worldly husband, Edward, who undertake to transform this complex,
spirited girl into a "proper" young lady. Bit by bit, and through a
wondrous journey that spans the European continent, traipses through the
jungles of Brazil, and returns to the rich desert of Southwest America,
Indigo bridges the gap between the two forces in her life and teaches
her adoptive parents as much as, if not more than, she learns from them.
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Quyển sách phi hư cấu đầy chất thơ tựa đề Chốn Biên Cương: Người Phụ Nữ Lai Da Đỏ – Tây ban nha Mới *(1987) của Gloria Anzaldúa (1942-) đã tạo dựng lên một cách đầy xúc cảm ý thức của người phụ nữ lai về vùng biên giới nơi có đủ sắc thái văn hóa của Mễ tây cơ, dân da đỏ bản xứ và người gốc Anh. Đáng chú ý là nhà văn Denise Chavez (1948-) người bang New Mexico, tác giả tập truyện ngắn Người Cuối Cùng Nhận Giấy Đặt Món Ăn Của Căn Tin Bệnh Viện Từ Bệnh Nhân (1986). Truyện Gương Mặt Thiên Thần (1994) của bà, nói về một nữ hầu bàn người từng bỏ ra 30 năm soạn một cuốn sách cẩm nang cho các nữ hầu bàn, từng được gọi là tiểu thuyết thuần túy Mỹ có nguồn gốc Nam Mỹ viết bằng tiếng Anh.
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*In her
semi-autobiographical collection of inter-related stories, The Last of the
Menu Girls (1986), Chicana author Denise Chavez explores her own
adolescent and young adult years in New Mexico through the story of the
fictional protagonist, Rocio Esquibel. The term "menu girl" refers to
a worker at a hospital who takes patients' food orders.
In the first story, "Willow Game," Chavez describes Rocio's
neighborhood in Las Cruces, the second-largest city in New Mexico. Rocio and
the other neighborhood kids divide their street into two sections:
"up" and "down." The dividing line is a tree growing in a
vacant lot. Rocio lives on the "down" part of the street. Despite the
fact that the other kids prefer the "up" section, Rocio likes to stay
in her own "down" section surrounded by neighbors and family members
with whom she is more familiar. Her favorite spot is the willow tree in her
yard, around which her friends gather to play and families take photos of
themselves. As Rocio and other neighborhood kids grow up, the apricot tree and
willow tree remain for some time. One day, however, a teenage boy named Billy
kills the Esquibel's willow tree; Rocio witnesses the incident, causing her a
measure of trauma.
In "The Closet," Rocio and her sister, Mercy explore their mother,
Nieves's closet while they are supposed to be taking a nap. There are many
treasures in the closet, including a sliding picture of Jesus that features
alternate depictions of him as a man and as a shadow wearing a shroud. There
are also a number of shoes Nieves wears when she goes to work as a teacher. The
greatest treasure, however, is a photograph taken on the day of Nieves's
wedding to her first husband, Juan Luz Contreras. Juan is the father of Rocio's
half-sister, Ronelia who is grown and out of the house. Three days after her
birth, Juan died from drinking acid. While some attribute it to a mistake or
even an intentional act by the local druggist, others wonder if Juan committed suicide.
Rocio comes to believe she was born in this closet.
"Evening in
Paris," takes place in 1960, around Christmas when Rocio is 12-years-old.
She has three dollars to spend on a Christmas present for her mother. At
Woolworth's, she decides to buy her mother a perfume set called Evening in
Paris. On the way out of the store, Rocio stops to look at herself in the
mirror at the makeup counter. She doesn't like the look of her face and wishes
she was beautiful and rich enough to routinely spend her own evenings in Paris.
At home, most of the presents are gifts to Nieves from her students. The best
of these gifts will be carefully rewrapped as gifts for Rocio and Mercy's
teachers next year. The smells of roast chicken and empanadas remind Nieves of
her youth. Later, the perspective shifts in time as an adult Rocio visits Paris
and is reminded of the Evening in Paris perfume which her mother ignored.
In "Shooting Stars," Rocio visits her grandmother, aunt, and cousins
in Texas over the summer. There, she meets a distant relation, Eloisa, a pretty
and fashionable 16-year-old girl. Rocio idolizes Eloisa's beauty and perceived
purity while envying her freedom. Rocio's idolatry of Eloisa is shattered, however,
when she sees her at the movies, smoking cigarettes and laughing as boys paw at
her. When Rocio returns to New Mexico, she meets a "purer" version of
Eloisa in Diana who is just as beautiful as Eloisa but is still a virgin. Some
boys mock her because of her speech impediment.
The title story, "The Last of the Menu Girls," concerns a job Rocio
takes as a teenager at a hospital taking food orders from patients. Rocio is a
bit mystified at her own decision to work at a hospital. She recalls the
terrible experience of watching her Great Aunt Eutillo die. In addition to the
horrible odors associated with her death, Rocio was disturbed by her aunt's
increasing dementia. She is particularly haunted by a memory of Eutillo playing
an imaginary piano. Despite her negative associations with the elderly and
dying, she forces herself to work at a hospital, achieving a great deal of
emotional growth through the experience. As time goes on, her duties expand to
helping nurses with their ward duties. She also finds herself unwittingly
forging emotional connections with many of the patients, increasing her
capacity for empathy in the process
Rocio leaves home to study drama in
college in "Space is a Solid.” While at school, she works in the theater
department teaching an acting class for children and maintaining the costume
room. In the class, Rocio has the children do exercises like pretending to be
molecules or attempting to slice through the air with their bodies as if space
is solid. Meanwhile, Rocio is in a romantic relationship with a graduate
student but feels unfulfilled by it. She suffers a mysterious debilitating
illness that she later suspects was psychosomatic in nature. Nevertheless, it causes
her to take a two-week leave of absence from her work and studies.
In the final story, "Compadre," Rocio moves back home to New Mexico
after completing college. She feels stagnant at home with her mother and sister
and decides she wants to be a writer. Nieves counsels her to write about the
places and people she knows in order to forge a unique identity. Rocio realizes
that while her mother is right, she needs to leave the places and people she
knows in order to write about them more effectively.
The Last of the Menu Girls is an emotional and evocative look at one
girl's Chicana upbringing in the mid-20th century.
https://www.supersummary.com/last-of-the-menu-girls/summary/
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